漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

$ R: C8 m: {- J7 @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, " H+ ~+ l M# `( E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 3 n, N/ k3 Z+ f* Z1 I6 R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 `7 o+ x! B* p" z, d"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, ) v9 ?, y# v( G5 X, B3 E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,9 I* I! p1 o4 ~6 J font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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& R' l. Y( l7 J# Y8 h mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, F5 a" U6 z0 |- o. P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, + f& _9 z9 J* ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, 6 h2 I, q* s! K3 ^; a" t/ T+ |4 d mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, * f7 W" v* I7 ~0 b9 c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, : @) _$ v, Q& @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 R$ U% e' R( A, e+ d6 w"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, # B( z1 k% l/ z8 _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, % e$ [+ U5 W- c3 \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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: a, C% L4 T; k8 ~2 o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, # Z, D1 J$ I) `9 q6 g; G+ y; ^& \ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - y0 E1 r. Q3 D"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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. R A7 k- r3 x0 nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ) L* e% w0 ~4 z3 U; O 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ * B( f+ C9 w. P+ b0 r( X 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 3 Q6 K H" x2 h) f* i5 U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ! G; J* c" m5 j; w6 r3 Q% h7 i P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” * K' U9 j& V0 W4 @. h. o# y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, $ o1 C9 i; c' k# \( x1 m# [* Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * ^$ ^9 Z& C2 l"Times New Roman"">前者为因, : ^" f3 v P: @1 m mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 1 ~/ d1 z4 T- U7 ?% u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 ] ]6 R% D3 R7 {"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, ; x2 q6 Z6 v& p, l0 V- `2 U- y+ P ^ M4 W mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, : R2 p0 w' Z: b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 3 I/ O7 V# i- b. B$ A6 x9 S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' x1 Q: }; X% j' A5 j u* [* {"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 1 i% N- ^# Z* x- y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 0 a8 y: a8 D6 I' p( o3 |# H; Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 A8 x% N0 ?5 f h& c"Times New Roman"">“ 0 b: ]; }" c; P3 ?3 pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? + |9 t( f* e- A" w% D. b, I7 j& ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” ; i" z; b' `8 O8 f$ p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 9 l% t9 M7 o/ ^ |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: " z0 j7 M2 @% B8 C" M$ kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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% {- i# e( O- t X3 Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 . J. [1 b5 L, s宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, " C I& }+ M7 G$ r. W0 W" v* t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 8 u/ Z1 {& t2 u f# O0 ?8 smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, . X8 C2 R5 G; v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! l" ]2 n2 `. Z"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, q6 v% B9 M- o2 o9 ^- [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 4 t: t( b7 U7 e mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里1 c5 O# |" W/ ~1 J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 ) i3 W$ d0 m }% C! b) v8 w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元($ t; o; B8 a5 _+ \" R8 u A 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 7 r* e0 X/ W1 b2 U* l6 } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 F) y& F3 V+ N2 O- E" ?"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用3 m3 _* X. Q* }$ X/ ^$ O+ s12.0pt">, ' W" |8 N: X7 R# B2 K# B9 ~ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 2 O: Q9 ~3 Z9 z G' V0 d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 j3 c- ^+ G1 A) Y"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, k0 O2 a9 T8 L+ K* z% Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!! b2 n. U% h4 ] L2 u4 B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, ' `4 M% m- J% e2 S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: . O* }1 { A1 J- ]6 S9 V7 i3 tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 5 P. T+ l# q/ |; k8 d, `4 k1 F 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 7 j% a9 S7 l) R+ B7 H8 T8 Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * }* ^$ Y1 M+ V% }- ^; K"Times New Roman"">“ - w6 o: h' X+ F8 \ ^" S- P# \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”1 R7 [/ P/ D c8 e12.0pt"> ; i5 e) x6 ]! y$ Q) y8 w7 N"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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: I* ?9 n& P0 ^: m7 m( W mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 5 T e1 ]' H' M" a) S7 |- d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 1 F: l; M4 R8 |) _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + ^( H9 d6 P' x- o/ F z"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, + B- w' R% Y' N$ J7 l7 u& o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, / Z; P V* g/ o! O( D' ~! U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, ) d) z' `/ l) V6 Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ + Y4 g+ p3 S! [) U- H! w) Q- A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” & D- N& _1 Z* P9 C5 a4 a N. ^0 f2 t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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0 `; c# j4 @; u3 V0 L0 Y: U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, * }# w5 x! Y Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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: x3 O- |3 C* v: I& amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 2 ^" I2 w% j3 L; \1 ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, ' |' M/ d4 i2 y, ]' Q$ g font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, 0 e1 P* S' j" e6 K0 a. p. l) B6 ^/ _/ wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 1 _- E. t4 U( D! Y8 ~0 Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 X% C. J3 b) _6 S+ L"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,8 @& U, x# J. v& A+ N- g, N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 6 x/ g3 O9 i- Z7 L- R( qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题$ ?; [( k7 ?) B/ q4 y/ P12.0pt">: 0 ^5 D" O, x2 M7 Q "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: - P3 g" t7 ]+ jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - P* I' H5 o0 L' Z$ H"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才3 z6 Q2 f6 }$ q5 j& T& ?/ i- } 12.0pt">, 4 \5 L. `. w, X- m% G8 f "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, % ^$ S9 D% U) }9 w/ D/ Z; ^+ v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 5 m# t0 b9 _# x0 A$ [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 0 \; j" \1 M8 [' v2 T) k R* m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 1 z9 F# b% f% f3 d( \- z7 ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题" \) V. V- E0 E6 e8 y$ g 12.0pt">; ! A0 h- K2 m2 C0 K7 e' q3 y "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, - {" Z1 s# s. y3 tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求* j$ Z! O1 D' `' W2 L. ] 12.0pt">: ! v, j7 X" u8 b, q$ N: \6 {"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; $ ?# v* [/ a! I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % v+ U8 ~2 ^ J! ~5 m"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, # }4 ^9 G' k+ S! j! d8 `, }( ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 2 J* B" @. K% I% Q4 h( \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统) m5 y9 j8 i/ z# X6 i% [7 P/ b( P12.0pt">:

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8 k9 |& J% e( H& Rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 4 P2 \$ F7 i0 o2 _8 d U5 O& \+ G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” ( B, F' e j" t5 g# X 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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0 \) E" E/ U7 F& ^/ a2 K 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, 2 Z7 [+ X. R' j4 u6 l# X9 j: `& D# i2 x! x% ? font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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' v* v# G5 c- E/ ?$ o" t) rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 2 g# N1 o( m' u3 b% S! s. Q$ ?1 `3 | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, ( @' t/ I4 _: N6 E& n 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 3 F3 D) J2 D6 H* m5 r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 P3 b! ?0 ~" j0 \"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, / d6 o+ n* D/ w4 ]: n9 q( s6 C/ N7 V! y' S mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, % M/ |5 H2 p5 |2 B3 B# o; o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 q6 \1 n3 f% r7 D( O W: Y"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, , R) v; F6 w6 d3 Mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 7 l3 h! Y) X/ i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 8 s" a7 X. Z3 D3 ?3 a; ~3 [! c0 z6 f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 1 b3 v( d( E. amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, q8 { e: J/ a( H" Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & C: g3 `" ]4 p: b5 t"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 7 f0 a! N6 ? r* G" [& t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

 

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: {$ \- h M9 X# l( Q* T- Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,8 }8 m2 W+ I7 a# ~% i f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定7 J. s% {( W& u# F& q6 X' Y: L 12.0pt">, ' M" Q. h( V$ `: Z. S "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, / {, ]% @( l0 {8 l# F8 k3 @ E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / Y: X4 j9 Q! C& ~"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:* t+ a- I) P2 a: ^5 x8 S3 rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, $ M: U, N9 [% {) p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 0 u3 O4 u% |1 U: tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / Y2 [+ F0 N$ ^"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, $ N8 t. J: T6 P @" ~; x$ p mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 4 N) Q6 N3 G( ^& D! p' s Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 3 N- C9 c i- `7 F* u 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ - K( R' q/ V9 ?( @$ J( U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 1 H W9 r' {1 Y6 J6 @' \- P' ]* b7 Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊