漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

: g) k4 U: V# C L' w8 Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 4 x0 a) A# i" v# n* d" V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 1 r1 f* x" M) u& |- l! h& z: vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 L: I: L* B- |' G# B8 V. L"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, + B0 X, a; D% X) u+ k 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,$ N( b* j1 I. y& P. x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : J4 O; j& D% H"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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. t5 `, Z" o, Z7 B1 r" N* Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 1 H5 X o- E6 N# s5 W3 @' t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, $ i; B$ O, ]) n! E3 I4 \9 Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 q3 O4 W5 `) g1 O"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, 1 m; Y! {& k5 F% Y" v" t' e/ r/ \- T- ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, % j; o; Z% e# y4 ^( ]% G) @5 T 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, ) p' I$ |* j3 Q% M$ S" vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 2 d6 G9 D. a" G* V" l6 ~1 z2 F3 vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, ' x0 C( X+ w' B! E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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: d& q8 o6 H/ d7 J4 s宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, o( k3 V2 {$ x3 ?8 v0 t; o( u( S) n" {7 Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 P9 Y+ W4 _# v( K"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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; a6 U' k* S7 Qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 4 {- v. A+ E3 i; V9 H6 @7 K5 A' B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 2 m6 x+ d# Q; }" ? z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” ) W3 T$ ]: V; L+ X# m8 Q' h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 6 {. w6 \, Z4 K4 W0 w8 T 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” ! `' Z1 \" i; M6 a& R! ~2 N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, , w% D- T6 F" r7 Y+ ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( q. `. b6 H2 j+ Z"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 0 Z9 W7 y: k& _, p: g) \; G- x mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, . m/ X1 f" S, B/ R8 |; c0 tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 l' }; E) Y* f1 I& U"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, ) a1 D2 x( z8 A+ b* @- S P mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 1 c, T, ?' d5 D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, & |0 A8 O/ w. l U* W z1 d* ? font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, , E! ?# V* F- r& ]( h* Z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: : o6 X0 v/ ]5 V1 y N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ 6 E, o. U! b: I4 E: Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 8 W1 K2 [: {3 C: U6 k. l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” & I: j% S7 h& ~) [0 L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, % y$ a" T0 C, ]/ e5 D' }9 } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & Q7 H {* k+ E0 G5 _% v"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: ! ]7 f, k `8 Z: N' _5 e) Y4 F( W. i) b; s9 Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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! _/ j& K4 W8 \- R5 ~( X: [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 . J2 h* U. v, h 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, $ P4 ^- n8 N5 H5 E. i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - k( I4 J, F/ s, A- Y: I. X"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, r6 ?- ^8 f( @( T6 {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, - {3 Q: [" t, wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; s. z' u4 j$ G3 l+ V2 P0 \"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 5 O3 L) n1 s) p+ ?5 u! Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 # _& J6 ]& e& h& @1 |* O4 n4 P mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里! E: d- T9 g+ o, f( [( } B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 ! C& ^$ Q* {/ }8 ]- K) i- Y6 Q# hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(3 m0 E/ R; X) _: z, d4 v 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), ' U3 N. B8 }) p; S. Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用) a; k+ Z ?5 \: S+ P& z 12.0pt">, 4 K6 X" ^2 i( Q. o0 b6 C W9 `"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, - i8 |; L3 g3 ]3 H+ P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, , Y8 M1 ?/ A8 ?+ }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!! n8 A2 x G3 `4 l6 F0 D/ q" g+ h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 8 T# Z! Y& b f; D/ ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 2 p& \4 B7 g r+ c mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, " F; f8 X8 U6 l5 Q" ]. u J7 B 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, ; \! Z4 ]. d0 P: D Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ 2 V6 A, p# H0 Q& {! m/ v' u, M mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”1 y/ e; x, _, j% ] 12.0pt"> 8 u: [2 W) n2 x: f4 R9 {"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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3 O6 b' w! r6 l5 }/ zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, \4 G2 P u0 V+ V1 c6 X- i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 0 Q( N: I/ f) D0 B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 8 z. a0 j2 F" F5 R1 h6 @% t4 F mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 1 ~7 A- W$ k3 D) b 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, / x. L8 E% t8 ~) f# } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( g u3 X! N2 X5 J" p"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ " C. }0 i3 Z4 ]( mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 7 P2 r: C$ N/ r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

 

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3 }, S5 h8 A) c3 a宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, 8 S9 A& Z A$ k$ |5 G7 L6 t9 X" }" U' d. L+ ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - C# I9 d0 F2 `4 T"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

 

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/ R! m6 H6 S" ~2 v8 N( X mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, ! Y* q8 l, G) | 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, & I# X5 Z+ g4 t5 \$ Y6 @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, ( a+ A1 G: m/ y) B) Y9 _$ m, m. _' H8 s. V( bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, ' i8 |0 Q* Q: Z/ ?( T. q5 X3 H font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章, r( w7 G2 O% j( j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 3 M9 P( h) d, ~7 h' `( v5 h$ t! v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 G0 I w( J5 O6 K* U& @) G"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题/ C+ z6 n9 @3 `* c" ]# D12.0pt">: ) O9 x4 g1 r/ y8 j. {! b, n" L/ G2 c$ }"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 3 D n% X% v! k/ b font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: f% \* O2 q: W7 R' n"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才6 [0 T% }: i6 @ 12.0pt">, & j/ ~# M& Q& J* s "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, % h' H' j0 p& { d% @5 I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; ( b% T1 J% {# `) n" C* lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 3 ?: a% H) d: @7 F. z! K1 ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 6 R; W1 H: \8 P9 @, bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题7 }# ?2 r9 d2 Z2 l3 x5 K/ F# v 12.0pt">; 5 a6 |- G% Y; o% t( C6 n% [7 V2 \ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, ! W. \ J6 h G* W5 ?- p0 Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 U% L7 D, q0 s( w"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求3 z1 f) w5 _, J8 T4 A12.0pt">: 6 B2 G7 f* }! M; b "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; - {- {6 }0 c3 O/ E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * n+ a u$ J. n: p7 @"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, " f5 B/ w" f4 gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, : K$ v. K% z/ X7 j7 Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & |! I7 R: {3 n) ]"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统$ g# @/ K z2 S1 I1 G: G! P12.0pt">:

 

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5 j5 |1 A( e, mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 3 y) b# v% q& R4 C! y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 0 a) G. ~/ H) }2 z' a' E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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" P# S Q8 |- p: W# r, H宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, - P) Y7 Q; B. P2 N; L I5 J) c0 b* O8 p* ?+ \5 d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : s( J2 C" W! p"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

 

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, j) l% Z8 `7 d( x' u8 E$ Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, W- W- Y+ u7 U, p4 b0 O3 _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: u5 I% f9 l5 E( ["Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, * U0 j/ ~ G- g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, : p) D6 g2 ~" g( L3 P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, " Z# c' t( j6 @, P7 ?4 S5 G" zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, & l" _2 H& i+ ?* F. v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 9 A" l" a7 Q$ Y/ T+ f9 m% J/ ^$ A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, + k- t9 R8 _; s7 O- C0 G& B 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: - d6 Y' {+ A0 R! ^/ m font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ( F) p7 P9 G2 j9 J( u& o5 Y) O mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 3 W7 t* P$ ]# b" bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % A$ y( S8 W% H% A2 G W"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 6 a6 q8 a1 ^! ?# s. ~' ~) s7 G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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, A2 G/ D2 \4 E6 s+ e+ {5 A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,# J) ?, }% A+ D, }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 s3 }* {' H( ?"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定: m g: D1 ]2 }0 q+ q1 A+ ^) a12.0pt">, - y( i7 h1 x B I"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, $ h3 z* Y2 I: M+ \: Z. s, x1 `- ~ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:2 W0 m! @7 n: o7 q1 V+ Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, . `; Z2 H" Z) l- R* g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, , X! I- ?( t* M4 O5 e0 afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, " F) Q1 y- A/ g! j5 a$ }2 M1 xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 4 p: q( Z, M+ C3 } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 M5 j) l A$ Y. i7 H& O7 L"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: : u/ B) r8 a9 n6 c% c5 ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ / z# k' D- E5 i8 J$ J. x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, * n" _5 l; g! z J: ]3 u- e font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊