漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

' I4 K9 P9 D/ o! m mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, * d. @6 I. |1 X! B( R; y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, % k$ }* g% ]7 K" {4 \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 9 o% z+ q Y/ c1 b" M9 Q& K* B+ ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,. _2 x2 } m% M3 j6 i6 c% p( zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! W+ Z; l% B2 Z w% n"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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: l2 j- u$ B' `! ~. ?& ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 7 _% V8 V" Y" G5 I6 b' ^! C宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 6 B4 m7 b+ T: R5 L; p$ S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & _5 w( A1 {3 k5 G5 B) a! R"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, $ h% Q% `# F% f! S( l& K0 c; [2 ^6 q/ I# D. Y1 z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, ( _8 o9 o* J8 }% J8 w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, , e9 V' S/ i2 Z2 {. [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 X L [/ a. E7 R"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, ' Z- ~6 |' R- E) y8 { mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, * m: ~2 x+ _5 ~: o5 W7 q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

 

: k: Z2 C- a `$ S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, 7 R# i8 l" K4 ] font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + p, ]3 p# `% K"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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' c: M9 i P6 u- D( C6 @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, * e# y; p( [! |3 ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ ; T/ |* \ g T6 o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” + H# s- u$ ]1 z' v% s 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 1 P3 f$ g& W, K0 n0 G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 4 R- N& n1 l, f* F- W& M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ! j( S5 _6 q7 V; q9 g. Q* O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 o3 A j7 B; B i; C3 a"Times New Roman"">前者为因, " [/ x' q. [3 u* v mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 1 A0 m9 ~$ c. \ o5 U& H9 a( ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, # k2 b* q6 j+ o3 C! J% Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 2 f6 P3 |0 E; P' ~. k7 x* F) U* v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, & R6 {# A# D Z4 C7 H: w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, * j6 m. x& v' Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: # w: Z9 i3 n4 }, m$ j: F font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 j9 ?4 T3 M- m"Times New Roman"">“ & E+ \ e2 u% b3 ~8 g0 _$ [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? + ]( M' c% f* L1 F) j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 2 k. E b f+ D" t6 c& e! Y% g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 2 c+ Q# g1 [8 M0 F6 _& | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : }+ ^# o- t; ?; E/ K( Z5 K"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: ; U a+ h8 G0 P) q* b) i/ v, R& q8 b6 p' r2 Fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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" R% `0 Y2 f+ ~ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 8 n) e* X }7 e# a- x+ E% C+ l+ [; z- C 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, ' y6 K% p0 {1 m$ | W e0 }/ R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 3 P, L1 T# [* dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 2 ~0 h* m; S4 L2 P* f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, ; z, R; ^6 k4 n' o; V3 E mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 2 B& q3 j( P( X s mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里, z* ^1 X. g8 S- A' ~) S mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 4 V5 b# u/ _# v1 F- z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(; z3 x d" k5 o$ v3 A |3 W 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), ! H4 J- i) K8 qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用; g) h% Y9 J& n8 z I4 A 12.0pt">, V r$ I$ o8 A% O "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 1 r5 m8 Z ]; p5 A. [( n& v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, . ?/ x+ R* o- i! _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!1 C5 }1 B$ G U" y+ h 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 6 b: N O j+ C$ v) M& wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 }$ o9 _+ @( m"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: B+ i0 g2 @5 r; u! M* K3 P* i" g mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 4 a9 g; y5 S' T. M" [宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 6 v6 O: @4 {% Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ ( b5 y: t$ `* K- u' E, b! E mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”0 k d0 d* L" Z: b2 F 12.0pt"> 2 f4 s) V7 U% g. P# { "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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0 x# z! W6 M7 G$ @; \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, D/ }( Z0 `0 F# s% s/ `1 R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ( e. P# _$ u* r9 Q g font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 t+ m0 C: l1 v0 Z0 z5 Z"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, : z L1 V( O- Z( K! o+ K mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, $ S# f$ A5 z9 m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, : I1 \" F4 r0 {- E7 ] font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ( [/ ]% w8 L7 W- K2 T) mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 4 {5 V6 ?( l( A 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

 

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: u# P$ b& |- H. j( ^宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, # }% D+ }1 a6 C: b, o+ b a) j* y- A+ ], a font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! @5 X$ S% d- U( ]9 h& }/ `3 x) n"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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* ]" E2 |1 P, B L& N% nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 2 h0 a' S: n' @$ U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, / g' r! c2 s' U3 T- H( c font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) K7 x. z7 \0 Y1 H8 S"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, 1 t7 ] b6 i, I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, % k3 t2 t) V3 a8 x; V) n4 `- b' b( G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,. D6 L4 W1 M' w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, ' K. G( e5 [3 a# ?/ p; x$ e font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题. E+ R+ {5 L7 s, w12.0pt">: 3 X# d3 D! X3 K& M8 z& C! J "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: a: K H$ b: w a. [! p$ i/ u7 q* k font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才9 C0 o% c- N/ S. |* ^12.0pt">, 4 W+ [" T0 F: c: t# ~8 K "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, : \9 {( H4 h! |% i% v7 efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 X4 e& t8 b, Z M& [' {8 B"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; ; t! r1 V- R2 w9 Q1 f4 jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, & {8 \6 q1 s0 U9 ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 3 W5 ^1 x0 |( C I) q0 h2 B: T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题. G; F+ O2 i- Q: i+ U! W( ^1 V12.0pt">; % y( j) K# U. h' X9 x* _; j+ B "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, ; C J4 B$ a6 R+ y1 z5 C/ t+ M8 p# i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求0 S# w9 X/ U6 {- N) w# w! o& u12.0pt">: ( U& U' j! Y# h$ v: R! h9 T "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 0 _/ b- b1 U& _" N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 O4 A7 }) v1 x# z8 s1 n, {"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, # Q$ Q1 u# W6 ~" t: I1 F+ X. f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 8 J' }5 r. |/ ^: b- A8 Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( K. e5 E3 Q6 b% o& p4 ?"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统1 Q! N( g; |- l+ o2 v3 |0 \12.0pt">:

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" C! I5 O1 X: \. D/ @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ + \- s h1 }3 y5 y8 ?6 X: P% A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 0 V& ^0 b7 Z. M3 O. ^/ F0 V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

 

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9 y8 V- L; P Y9 U1 T6 }( j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, 3 Q6 q. k! C% o+ y) z+ V0 E! s3 N+ ~9 U: m2 j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & P# R8 @' g! d1 G7 F7 ]/ r" C"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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+ V7 [8 g/ h, v; N7 s" J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, L) W I/ F D2 }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' |% A1 V$ [+ r+ j$ H- ?"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, $ T' Z2 P% `& n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, ; \+ b+ Q8 M Q/ l) |0 o5 T. ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, & e0 g$ N- n. n) m- Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, ) m& f" e* _/ H4 q: E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, }/ c8 W+ Z; S7 r" B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 3 h/ E% X' J, h* Y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 7 R, n- b2 ~0 {! i" L+ jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 A( n0 Z* M/ Z* L3 l. a"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, H" I. E! A2 a6 ^3 w0 f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, : w; X- H$ h2 `& i1 ?5 v( G$ A, q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 A5 W; }3 p$ x( Q"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, ( t# I$ `9 Z. G! F4 v5 E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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9 m- T$ a; E4 u/ w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,! i9 S: d# N8 w$ S9 m4 a- }# V font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定0 s; S, N+ K' O4 e& i) a 12.0pt">, ( P) P* B1 |) }- ^4 C! b" y/ k "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 2 _" T; Q$ p4 n" J2 mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : m6 o& B2 O+ g+ _4 c8 e"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:, a& |) v. b3 I" r, a" g- Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, : s* ?8 j$ m+ J# y$ L' v. n" n( k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 0 Y. r9 L9 R: A4 j/ W2 Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 C$ v, c" f. m( H"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, + `/ A; x3 e2 @- _* e mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, ) y9 l. t2 d4 ?3 o9 v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: E( W! e R: u, Z1 O# E$ n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ! t) P* y, k$ k3 `: t( T 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, & w* _6 n8 Y' c; U+ e* B/ F9 kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊