漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

# l- [" G) a; a; w/ K5 q0 A' j* emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 8 z* d+ {' k r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, " ~. h) G5 N$ R( R) C# r5 g0 g font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 t4 {6 d/ Z j @"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, : t' [ B! }6 u: R2 |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,. S% @3 o. B) Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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7 {+ h1 ~3 f2 _$ Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 4 \) R6 z* k" p! @9 A ]% L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 3 b7 X3 Q# Z' U% A$ _! C4 ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! @ j3 \' T; D! i1 n"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, % K t7 p1 M% g6 i7 f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, ) d# _* I# I# {, ?8 y4 k$ ^) z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 9 s* l7 @. R0 Q% S) g s5 O' @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, ' D2 ~( {& C% N2 j1 k4 p mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, % L1 [# t# J; e 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

 

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. h6 Y* q1 H- B& x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, 7 P. O& Z6 ^9 u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: p, ?! V4 d1 V$ Z6 t"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

 

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# n& ~& A2 ` \$ t u/ w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 0 _' D1 G7 M1 j r4 P' l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ ( @- t/ q; J0 x7 {8 N2 u& Y. B- Y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 4 Y( @. h/ i" t4 N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 1 y7 ]% h# _# Z' P- K% Z% d 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” ! a7 E4 ?* M7 {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ! r2 t/ A9 _9 `7 c9 q" K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( F3 y5 F2 s V& L- ]" j( C8 E) {"Times New Roman"">前者为因, * q- x! m$ G+ d" R$ [& `- u+ R6 f# ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 5 h1 h1 M- J; U. n5 D, J font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . m$ G+ i' t. }; b$ l/ b"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, 2 }9 |3 y6 g9 g: r) m( C& W* N/ J. F5 \/ E/ Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 6 V+ P( b% A: N2 ]5 m; D# k 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, ( \1 W6 N, W( \* Q1 |* ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, * R- N0 u* i7 I8 p7 w- X& k" F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 7 F' Y6 D5 q0 T- F0 u' }: `2 jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 X* A0 v& ]; \% S9 K"Times New Roman"">“ ( G" R! ^% T) E" h1 e4 a4 \1 i% d8 Z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? ) x: m" M4 Y* }* ?6 V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” & M/ f5 g" B' r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 6 E3 T c) u0 \1 U# e5 `5 @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: / s& v; j7 w7 Q" G$ i7 q+ D9 U5 R4 _) {- @/ b$ N( B+ R mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

 

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- ]* ~4 O! H O. r mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 9 i7 y" y9 y- X4 M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 1 G0 J+ b8 ~( j/ o. Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, + v. A! j w# }, M# j2 ]' m% C8 l$ ?. C* x: E- ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, / y% l+ ~( J6 f. J font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 u. U3 }; b2 {: T, s0 m2 K$ ["Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 6 \5 n m& T5 K; o0 q- H- b" }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 . g9 b7 m5 w+ q9 ]$ c' M mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里6 D+ R Y! N/ ~& K9 G* L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 ; y3 M) N0 _6 s2 \0 Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(- w2 b$ P4 Y8 u; W9 k- B. X. g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), # s1 ?$ b( |, i7 P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! a7 W, h. B* d"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用. T2 T, R4 T" S' w0 B4 a% B 12.0pt">, 2 Z. f8 G; y- w' a/ ? "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, : P/ u$ O2 J6 jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 5 p5 `7 _& \# J R, [- Emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!/ ?. h/ W4 l! u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, F7 C: F$ H, w2 a font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: ' p/ d- i+ K+ dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, - W3 O; u/ U, W/ ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, ! b- d2 e8 J' a& y6 S: k4 v0 O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ / `8 Y$ ~3 |! l% w5 O# fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”, {: @% k, r* e" e 12.0pt"> " K! ?- o* {' {0 @! w5 ~ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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$ v! y/ T, V$ N2 r mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 7 a6 S3 @7 l# P4 O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ) s, s" m! {7 K( B H# m, zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 D6 x. k4 O3 Y m' ?: l% d7 F* o"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 3 G5 H# @) o; c8 I* o; Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 3 b% j ]* h- v/ P 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 6 U, g8 M/ b; H; p0 r+ Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ G+ Z: R9 j+ p- \- [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 5 o% e6 u' _5 x7 O9 ?" C8 e9 ^宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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7 ]3 @9 ~! ] U5 p4 y. f7 s 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, s# J, ^! E. ^3 T# a$ P$ C2 ]- ~9 h' t) W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! L5 w( [4 a6 F$ A2 {"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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0 b8 a$ s7 ]1 Y2 ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, - B% @& Y" D8 Q9 T; q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 1 Q) k! I# x6 v v( vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, - ?' p* G0 @5 Y2 r$ D* h2 Q3 ^" Z: l1 v1 F5 omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, ! s4 f" [0 z% a4 ~$ @* `8 _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,$ u1 a3 D1 E' p- x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, , h0 C- f1 N& ~5 @0 G0 S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 e) W' z, s+ X" X* _! Y0 J' J J"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题/ q5 o, e9 ~3 \! c7 y 12.0pt">: # L9 H d9 |, D1 ~"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 5 i# P# O/ [0 F font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % v9 I; d! N/ [% E"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才7 J$ v2 o) ], Y* I9 H12.0pt">, 2 Q1 A7 q- J5 v+ {# ?4 c* h6 I; x* t"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, " b) C1 m: h6 O- J8 J% S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # g! i) I) [, z& G' Q* d7 L+ P"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; + \# g7 \% N. M5 k m( K! E0 jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, + ?+ s6 x' c" N# W2 v1 j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 7 m5 `3 A7 e$ W0 L- ]3 F font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题) j: k1 V" t- s6 A* d. u12.0pt">; " X8 u! l" F" G; }! T" @+ `/ | "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 5 J1 U: p0 @( D& K( w' Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 {3 w" t# y2 o H& ~! Y3 o, K"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求; ^$ F8 S+ H+ j9 c# s$ g- k) [! g 12.0pt">: + E& Q$ U; U- @, R1 s* D# l"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; - @/ d+ `4 z, ?% ?1 Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % T5 K- U+ r1 z"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 8 S0 i3 }- u) o' V, Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 6 o0 g1 j) ^- e$ v, H/ \& B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: b* s/ F, b7 T" v5 G6 Q1 B$ k"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统8 k5 P9 |" a+ G3 V0 m& p2 I 12.0pt">:

 

+ u' n a( h9 h8 T, L) ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ ) l# q ~, n( j2 l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” , }/ l; `7 I% [: P0 n) R( j8 t7 ^宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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: v1 U$ w, C* G3 T$ ~2 J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, # O) G/ C% U8 e7 c) S6 l5 A4 G. R' q# }$ V6 kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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7 H6 } y1 h3 B# n$ m6 I' ?- g# r+ ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, ! `, }( h/ q, j. s font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 O% ~# A0 v- x! Y+ g8 c6 ~" ~3 z"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 4 M" u3 m+ q$ m% V) F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, $ r0 q2 @: q7 |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * {3 Q- v7 d; E8 C' i"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 8 _ d# ~+ y' W# s: _$ w# Y, w, L, ^& h! `/ a5 ^5 q7 | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, {) D4 Z* F8 j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 2 f- d: k) ^7 w" w" m- C' ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, * R! j& F" ^3 r0 T5 x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: # D/ \: D2 N) W! |7 u! o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 3 ?# l7 q2 v9 \3 C% ?3 o. Z, H( U! I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, b* n/ M; K( A4 mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 7 O# Z' i. c Y- o7 A: ^6 s! U( u 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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2 e* |2 \5 f( K zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,4 T: f" k$ j% W& K; Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 e% q/ \$ ^: M0 U& X"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定& ~8 p1 @+ b# y; }. U* M% v12.0pt">, e/ M6 b/ E3 }9 S; c "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, $ T' K- j* V! v& h& C2 Y3 q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + h I5 _' b0 O& R) `. Q"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:8 v# p- ^1 ~% t/ U& ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 8 ]" \) B2 h# z N0 @ X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, $ O3 y ?+ N/ h2 \8 Q5 t" wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , {5 \8 N9 R% T$ P3 s3 Q4 q"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 1 h) J" a) Q8 n- y3 c mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, ) |0 W: H: f+ f# K( l D2 Z7 Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: $ t' G2 Q5 X) X* M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ * N9 A. u- e2 H 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ! m7 n$ [" [, M9 s' zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % z7 |* R3 B6 ~6 ^"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊