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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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& G& H7 ~( P2 W% @4 e" {Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第5 M. ]" @( n5 ]/ o% q2 q% ?) t5 B7 w+ \
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; ^ M; S6 V6 A. j1 q8 Q- t+ qmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">子曰：; ^. J. W1 }% g7 Z5 m2 i
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百：《诗经》实有三百零五篇，三百只是举其整数。: a \0 T/ x6 p x
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; `9 g- K& y8 X; K- q8 N( dmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经( v0 S5 {5 h0 @( s1 X7 ^mso-font-kerning:0pt">•5 R( [4 D; Q) b" |3 c# ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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T8 z) ]$ H% K, |, vTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思，( U" N6 N' u/ q& `" B! c6 m# k Y7 t
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8 Y: I6 [ L+ {/ d: @4 [+ D3 u# T! x0 Nmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就是贯穿于诗经三百篇中的核心精神。& ]: Z- v% [: c4 S+ f4 S& @
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐9 @/ ^, N+ Z* B8 e! G0 Y# d10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">”; J5 j* y- i" g! f umso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;
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$ B3 o) P+ b$ h$ d+ Rmso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种- a/ ~8 j1 x9 z. p! A
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* A% S( h6 O. E/ M m. Umso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的& v F) F7 Y- k1 g! C
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，4 z8 {$ [0 c# m
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。' U7 X$ C/ f) ]$ M" t# q( {2 Qmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌7 q3 k5 G8 i! t8 S1 L3 `, M! Amso-font-kerning:0pt">305$ ? s& [. @2 p' ^: cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用，他说：: v9 `4 y( M4 u \7 A: D2 bmso-font-kerning:0pt">“ F& K$ L( \, r/ e& D4 d, L
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。5 r- \' u# s( v
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语: ]( l& {( F" R' x6 E
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9 i% n% l& M$ Ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》）4 a" S6 r1 T z# I
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。, d) u: v6 J9 d
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过0 }% P; X% o$ r7 r! N/ I. Kmso-font-kerning:0pt">“( k0 j& c. x8 e, ?* P
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) P/ h) |% N4 ]8 u# amso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨0 b, u% `$ U7 `$ C0 `' _7 W5 h
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& v6 M# `+ z9 N6 T, a# Dmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操，并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育，使人. d* b- x0 R8 s: v7 r
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。) H+ _" y1 N6 l: T" tmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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: ?# v6 T' g% C$ C9 F/ E; S7 D' Wmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解：诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。, Q c% l6 Y, g; l- [3 @2 g
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。' o' T/ W. [0 `9 A& z! @
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6 x8 {6 T3 W. g: K# Xmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”# Z. J- \7 y; s
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. [1 i! E/ S% @. }% Hmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑，没关系的。$ i7 M' h% i. ^! }% N: I2 O# r
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。# D+ ]5 C7 e3 U# p
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于5 h- g) B7 \* g# t0 g
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. v8 M# w" Y8 q/ ~( l [+ }mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓# j4 a" h' U' D0 _mso-font-kerning:0pt">“9 V2 z) c* u: U: I$ Z1 {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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0 V+ Y( D* W8 {1 w, G4 Amso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓& d" m8 q9 a5 l4 ] ?mso-font-kerning:0pt">“7 ?+ y* g- c7 P/ x
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0 ^3 F! R. H/ K( k. z0 ~1 Nmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物，提高观察力；所谓/ P- ^9 z# m% H- x$ j& _( ?+ m1 T
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">群7 d; ]/ _5 F5 Y
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情，提高在群体中生活的能力；所谓7 a- F! S7 g7 g/ d/ q% R; b: Mmso-font-kerning:0pt">“5 A3 d o3 ^1 M% b0 V' ~
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# f: a& c& G: i/ c8 s- E1 x" [mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗还可以锻炼7 a& h8 n7 h- E9 i4 ]mso-font-kerning:0pt">“+ H& [; A- k/ ?- r* l
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐而不淫、哀而不伤# S% C# ~+ ]3 L4 _! Z# nmso-font-kerning:0pt">”7 }2 ]8 X6 X8 j$ w$ N, u
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语. d* P: ?" M2 z0 ~mso-font-kerning:0pt">." o6 ?6 ^( I3 h# M+ S- @! Z
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》）的胸襟和品格，抒发心中之怨，而又能2 }- ` i* U5 Q0 cmso-font-kerning:0pt">“, h( f4 R0 M9 r% k. K7 E
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人! u, r6 C+ ~ w# D! V7 o9 l9 |
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。1 h5 W# O. k/ E% A+ W! L! Imso-font-kerning:0pt">& p, _5 l3 w( E6 ~$ z7 Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;6 d/ H4 J+ T$ G w, t! `
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的，写文章，也需要提高文学素养，如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句，定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则，干巴巴的，没有文彩，读之无味。" R' D- F. ?$ l+ }
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8 q7 M5 E$ m. R" ]mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是的，不但文稿晦暗，而且说服力弱" |5 Z8 s' H4 M7 \1 o9 [! fmso-font-kerning:0pt"> 6 B+ j1 v- g0 L5 ~( F `$ m
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨，是否也指怨刺，有着对社会的不满和抨击，比如《硕鼠》《伐檀》等等% c* @8 o, t% l0 W& nmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊，大家看看习总的语言风格，文学素养深厚，值得学习。
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